ABSTRACT: Soil enzymes play a fundamental role in nutrient cycling in forest systems. The stoichiometry of C, N, and P–acquiring enzymes has been used to indicate nutrient limitation in the soil. However, the enzymatic stoichiometry remains poorly understood in pure and mixed eucalypt plantations. Thus, this study aims to assess the activity of enzymes in the soil to address the hypothesis that the introduction of N2-fixing trees could influence the enzymatic stoichiometry on C, N, and P cycling. The activity of β-glucosidase (BG), urease (U), and acid phosphatase (AP) was assessed in soil (0-20 cm depth) of pure Eucalyptus grandis without (E) and with N fertilization (E+N), and a mixed system with E. grandis and Acacia mangium (E+A), and a pure A. mangium (A) plantation at 27 and 39 months after planting. The activities of BG/U, BG/AP, and U/AP were used to calculate the enzyme C/N, C/P, and N/P ratios, respectively. Rates of N–acquiring enzymes were higher in E and E+N, while soil microorganisms invested in P–acquiring enzymes in A and E+A. The vector length and angle demonstrated that C demand by microorganisms does not change in relation to N and P, regardless of the treatment. However, N demand decreased in relation to P in A and E+A (mainly at 27 months). Our results suggest that enzymes activity in pure eucalypt systems is limited for their soil-litter nutrient contents. At the same time while acacia and mixed plantation seem to invest in P–acquiring enzymes to improve biological N2 fixation promoted by diazotrophic bacteria associated to acacia.

ABSTRACT Oxisols are important soils that have been converted from native vegetation to croplands, and can affect soil biological properties such as microbial biomass and enzyme activity. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the changes on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity when native vegetation (NV) was converted to cropland (CL), such as maize or sugarcane in six oxisols from São Paulo state, Brazil. Soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN), and the activity of arylsulphatase, dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (FDA) were assessed in samples collected at 0-0.20 m. In general, MBC was higher under NV than CL (about + 40%), while MBN and FDA did not show a consistent pattern between NV and CL. All soils showed higher values of arylsulfatase (increased from 101 to 717%) and dehydrogenase (increased 15 to 220%) under NV than CL. In conclusion, soil microbial biomass C is usually higher under native vegetation than cropland. Arylsulphatase and dehydrogenase were the attributes that presented better differentiation between native and cropped soils.

ABSTRACT The inoculation of rhizobia in lima bean can increase its yield and contribute to smallholder farms. In this study, the potential of rhizobia in increasing the lima bean yield was evaluated in two regions from Piaui and Ceará states. The experiments were conducted in field comparing three rhizobia strains (UFPI32, UFPI38, UFPI59), one strain of reference to Phaseolus vulgaris (CIAT899) and two controls (with and without nitrogen). The parameters of nodulation, N accumulation and yield varied between treatments and locations. The nodule biomasses were higher in UFPI59 and UFPI32 (Piauí), and CIAT899 and UFPI32 (Ceará). The highest values of nodule size were found in treatments UFPI59 in both locations. Lima bean presented highest values of leaf N in UFPI59 and CIAT899. The highest values of grain yield were found in the treatment UFPI59 as compared to CIAT899 and the controls. The results confirmed the potential of UFPI59 in promoting nodulation, N accumulation, plant growth and yield of lima bean in both locations.

RESUMO: Este estudo avaliou a resposta do feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L.) a aplicação de lodo de curtume compostado na nodulação, absorção de N e crescimento. Durante oito anos, o composto foi aplicado em doses de: 0, 2.5, 5, 10, e 20 Mg ha-1 (base seca). As plantas de feijão-fava mostraram maior nodulação nos tratamentos com o composto. Entretanto, os nódulos encontrados nestes tratamentos apresentaram menor biomassa, tamanho e diversidade do que os observados no tratamento sem composto. A acumulação de N aumentou com a aplicação da maior dose do composto (20 Mg ha-1), enquanto que houve um aumento nos teores de crômio na parte aérea com o aumento das doses do composto. Desta forma, o uso do lodo de curtume compostado, em longo prazo, aumenta a acumulação de crômio, aumentando a nodulação, enquanto diminui a diversidade de rizóbios nos nódulos.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the responses of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) to application of composted tannery sludge on nodulation, N uptake and plant growth. For eight years, the compost was applied at rates of: 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1 (dry basis). Plants of lima bean showed higher nodulation in treatments with compost; however, nodules reported in these treatments presented lower biomass, size and diversity than those reported in treatment without compost. Accumulation of N increased with the application of the highest rate (20 Mg ha-1), while there was an increase in chromium content in shoot with the increase in compost rates. Thus, the use of composted tannery sludge, in long-term, increases the accumulation of chromium in plants, increasing nodulation, while decrease rhizobia diversity in nodules.

RESUMO Bactérias promotoras de crescimento em plantas (BPCP) são encontradas em tecidos vegetais e promovem o crescimento vegetal por meio da secreção de hormônios e enzimas, ou auxiliando a absorção de nutrientes. Avaliaram-se quarenta isolados de BPCP para determinar seus efeitos sobre o crescimento de milho e sorgo. Estes isolados foram também comparados com plantas não inoculadas, como controles negativos (-N; sem fertilização nitrogenada) e positivos (+N; com fertilização nitrogenada). A altura, diâmetro de caule, massas secas da parte aérea e raízes, acúmulo de N e conteúdo de clorofila foram avaliados. Em ambos o milho e o sorgo, a altura, diâmetro do caule e a massa seca da parte aérea em plantas inoculadas com BPCP foram similares aos das plantas não inoculadas e fertilizadas com N, e as respostas da massa das raízes foram maiores que das plantas fertilizadas com N. Entretanto, os isolados de BPCP não promoveram acúmulo de N e conteúdo de clorofila semelhantes aos das plantas não inoculadas e fertilizadas com N. IPACC26 e IPACC30, ambos identificados como Bacillus subtilis, apresentaram melhores respostas para o crescimento das plantas e acúmulo de N do que os outros isolados.

ABSTRACT Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are found in plant tissues and promote plant growth by secretion of hormones and enzymes, or by facilitating the nutrient uptake. This study assessed forty PGPB isolates to determine their effects on maize and sorghum growth. These isolates were also compared with uninoculated plants, as negative (-N; without N fertilization) and positive (+N; with N fertilization) controls. Plant height, stem diameter, shoot and root dry mass, leaf N accumulation and chlorophyll content were evaluated. For both the maize and sorghum, the height, stem diameter and shoot dry mass in plants inoculated with PGPB were similar to those of uninoculated plants supplied with N, and the responses for root mass were higher than in plants supplied with N. However, the PGPB isolates did not promote N accumulation and chlorophyll content similar to those of uninoculated plants supplied with N. The IPACC26 and IPACC30 isolates, both identified as Bacillus subtilis, resulted in better responses for plant growth and N accumulation than the other isolates.

RESUMO. A acumulação de cromo (Cr) no solo e nas plantas tem sido relatada após sucessivas aplicações de lodo de curtume, o que é motivo de preocupação tendo em vista que este elemento pode promover a contaminação ambiental e afetar a cadeia alimentar. Neste estudo, avaliou-se o crescimento e a acumulação de Cr no milho e caupi após sete anos de aplicações consecutivas de lodo de curtume compostado (LCC) em condições de campo. O experimento consistiu na aplicação de LCC em cinco doses: 0 (controle); 2,5; 5; 10 e 20 Mg ha-1 (base seca). O crescimento e o acúmulo de Cr no milho e no caupi foram avaliados aos 75 e 65 dias após a emergência das plantas, respectivamente. A aplicação de LCC aumentou a biomassa do milho e caupi. A acumulação de Cr foi semelhante para ambas as espécies, com maior acumulação relatada nas raízes. No entanto, a acumulação de Cr nos grãos diferiu entre as espécies: o caupi acumulou Cr, enquanto o milho não acumulou esse elemento nos grãos. Em conclusão, a aplicação de LCC proporcionou maior crescimento de plantas de milho e feijão-caupi, e ambas as espécies apresentaram respostas semelhantes à acumulação de Cr nas raízes e parte aérea.

ABSTRACT. Chromium (Cr) accumulation in soil and plants has been reported after successive applications of tannery sludge, which is a matter of concern because Cr can promote environmental contamination and affect the food chain. In this study, we evaluated the growth of and Cr accumulation in maize and cowpea after seven years of consecutive applications of composted tannery sludge (CTS) under field conditions. The experiment consisted of application of CTS at five levels: 0 (control), 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1 (dry basis). The growth of and Cr accumulation in maize and cowpea were evaluated at 75 and 65 days after plant emergence, respectively. CTS application increased the shoot biomass of maize and cowpea. Accumulation of Cr was similar for both plant species, with higher accumulation in roots. However, Cr accumulation in grains differed as the CTS doses increased; cowpea accumulated more Cr while maize did not accumulate more Cr in grains with higher CTS doses. In conclusion, application of CTS led to higher growth of maize and cowpea plants, and both species exhibited similar Cr accumulation in roots and shoots.

O lodo de curtume compostado contém elevadas concentrações de elementos inorgânicos, como o crômio (Cr), que podem levar à poluição ambiental e influenciar na saúde humana. O comportamento envolvendo o Cr nas frações da matéria orgânica e no crescimento do feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L.) foi estudado em solo arenoso, após quatro anos de aplicações anuais consecutivas de lodo de curtume compostado (LCC). Durante quatro anos, o LCC foi aplicado em parcelas permanentes (2 × 5 m) e incorporado no solo (0-20 cm), nas doses de 0; 2,5; 5,0; 10,0 e 20,0 Mg ha-1 (base seca). Esses tratamentos foram repetidos quatro vezes em blocos ao acaso. No quarto ano, o feijão-caupi foi semeado e cresceu por 50 dias, quando se analisaram as concentrações de Cr no solo, nas frações ácidos fúlvicos, ácidos húmicos e humina, nas folhas, nas vagens e nos grãos do feijão-caupi. O LCC promoveu aumento na concentração de Cr no solo. Entre as substâncias húmicas, a maior concentração de Cr foi encontrada na humina. As doses de LCC elevaram o teor de Cr nas folhas e grãos.

Tannery sludge contains high concentrations of inorganic elements, such as chromium (Cr), which may lead to environmental pollution and affect human health The behavior of Cr in organic matter fractions and in the growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) was studied in a sandy soil after four consecutive annual applications of composted tannery sludge (CTS). Over a four-year period, CTS was applied on permanent plots (2 × 5 m) and incorporated in the soil (0-20 cm) at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 Mg ha-1 (dry weight basis). These treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design. In the fourth year, cowpea was planted and grown for 50 days, at which time we analyzed the Cr concentrations in the soil, in the fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin fractions, and in the leaves, pods, and grains of cowpea. Composted tannery sludge led to an increase in Cr concentration in the soil. Among the humic substances, the highest Cr concentration was found in humin. The application rates of CTS significantly increased Cr concentration in leaves and grains.